Escape in Tennessee Williams´ The Glass Menagerie - 626 Words

In Tennessee Williams drama The Glass Menagerie, Williams uses symbolism and foreshadowing to show how the little things in peoples lives can be the escape of the reality of daily problems that they may face, main example being Lauras glass figures. Story is introduced with Tom, the protagonist and narrator of the story. The other characters are his sister Laura, and his mother Amanda, who is the antagonist. An imperative element about the story is that it is not told in the narrators present time, but is entirely based of his memories. Tennessee Williams did that to place an emphasis on the mood of the story through Toms point of view. In the story, Amanda and Tom constantly fight because of Amandas harassment, which in turn is causing Tom to be both unhappy and restless. She resents how Tom likes to spend his time. He likes to drink and watch movies, but Amanda taunts him for wanting to pursue his own dreams instead of working to support his family. So every character in the story faces a certain dilemma. Tom hates his job, while Amanda wants to make changes to Laura so that she can be more outgoing. Which in turn causes Laura not be at ease. But Laura is true to her character, she doesnt get angry, but is extremely shy. Some messages in the story jump out at you, such as the difficulty of accepting reality, and how people cant truly escape their problems. The central mood is that of despair. As the story progresses, each character is working through aShow MoreRelated Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams2189 Words   |  9 Pages     Ã‚   In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams presents us with four characters whose lives seem to consist in avoiding reality more than facing it. Amanda lives her life through her children and clings to her lost youthfulness. Tom retreats into movie theaters and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and some day becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her Victrola and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. Finally, Jim is only able to find some reliefRead MoreEscape from Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams680 Words   |  3 PagesEscape from Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams The Characters Escape From Reality in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams centers around a dream of escape. Although everyone wants to escape from a different reality, they all feel that need to get away. The father is the most successful in his escape because he never has to deal with anything at home. He actually leaves and doesnt look back. As for the other four: Laura, Amanda, Tom, and Jim, they seemRead MoreIllusion Vs. Reality In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1022 Words   |  5 Pagesillusions on someone. In The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams uses metaphors, the fire escape, and Laura’s glass menagerie to emphasize how the characters retreat to their world of illusion to escape from reality. Williams uses Laura’s glass menagerie to exemplify how the characters retreat into their private world of illusion. Because of Laura’s defects, she feels as if others do not accept her. She makes a world of illusion to escape from reality. Her glass menagerie represents this kind of worldRead More Essay on the Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚   Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, describes three separate characters, their dreams, and the harsh realities they face in a modern world.   The Glass Menagerie exposes the lost dreams of a southern family and their desperate struggle to escape reality. Williams use of symbols adds depth to the play. The glass menagerie itself is a symbol Williams uses to represent the broken lives of Amanda, Laura and Tom Wingfield andRead More Comparing the Life of Tennessee Williams and Glass Menagerie707 Words   |  3 PagesParallels in the Life of Tennessee Williams and The Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is one the major writers of the mid-twentieth century. His work includes the plays, The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. One theme of The Glass Menagerie is that hopeful aspirations are followed by inevitable disappointments. This theme is common throughout all of Williams work and throughout his own life as well. It is shown through the use of symbols and characters.    I haveRead More Escape Mechanisms in The Glass Menagerie Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesEscape Mechanisms in The Glass Menagerie In Tennessee Williams’ play, The Glass Menagerie, all four members of the Wingfield family have chosen to hide from reality. Amanda tries to relive her past through Laura, and denies anything she does not want to accept. Laura is terrified of the real world, and choses to hide behind her limp, her glass menagerie and the victrola. Tom hides from his reality by going to the movies, writing poetry, and getting drunk. Mr Wingfield hides from hisRead More Essay on Stagnant Lives in Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie1196 Words   |  5 PagesStagnant Lives in Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stagnant Lives of Blanche DuBois and Amanda Wingfield  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of Williams significant characters are pathetic victims--of time, of their own passions, of immutable circumstance (Gantz 110). This assessment of Tennessee Williams plays proves true when one looks closely at the characters of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire and Amanda Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie. Their lives run closely parallel to one anotherRead More Essay on The Glass Menagerie and the Life of Tennessee Williams957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Glass Menagerie and the Life of Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie closely parallels the life of the author. From the very job Tennessee held early in his life to the apartment he and his family lived in. Each of the characters presented, their actions taken and even the setting have been based on the past of Thomas Lanier Williams, better known as Tennessee Williams. Donald Spoto described the new apartment building that Williams and his family relocated to in St. Louis, MissouriRead More The Importance of Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie  Ã‚      Tom Wingfield is the narrator and a major character in Tennessee William’s timeless play, The Glass Menagerie. Through the eyes of Tom, the viewer gets a glance into the life of his family in the pre-war depression era; his mother, a Southern belle desperately clinging to the past; his sister, a woman too fragile to function in society; and himself, a struggling, young poet working at a warehouse to pay the bills. Williams has managed to create aRead MoreEssay Crushed Dreams in The Glass Menagerie1194 Words   |  5 PagesCrushed Dreams in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is known for his use of symbols, tension, and irony. Williams uses all of these components to express the central theme of The Glass Menagerie - hope followed by despair. Each of the characters has dreams that are destroyed by the harsh realities of the world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the narrator blatantly admits, since I have a poets weakness for symbols, symbols are central to The Glass Menagerie (Williams 30). Symbols are merely

Fighting For Freedom Through The Decades - 2260 Words

Fighting for Freedom: Through the Decades â€Å"The true soldier fights not because he hates what is in front of him, but because he loves what is behind him.† -G.K. Chesterton G.K. Chesterton’s quote relates to every war that the United States has ever fought; from the Revolutionary War all the way up through the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. Most wars are not fought out of hatred, but because soldiers are protecting civilians throughout their country. Soldiers stand as a guard and create a barrier between the enemies and loved ones. The third and fourth longest wars ever fought by the United States Armed Forces were the Iraq War and World War II. Both wars were fought with all branches of the military — utilizing significant amounts of Army soldiers and airmen. To obtain soldiers for World War II the United Stated implemented a draft. Young men hoping for a particular position in the military specifically volunteered their services for that position, such as flying in the Army Air Corp. World War II lasted for three years and eight months drafting approximately ten million men into the military. These soldiers were from all walks of life, all parts of the country, and ranged from eighteen to twenty-five years old. Contrary to World War II, the Iraq War did not have a draft to fill its ranks with soldiers. This war was fought by an all-volunteer army, which means that every one of the 300 thousand soldiers willingly signed up to fight for the United States. ThisShow MoreRelatedUS Military and the War in Afghanistan1541 Words   |  6 PagesAfghanistan. Soldiers and families are beaten and tired after this decade of combat and losses no one can even understand. These losses and brokenness is why it is time to withdraw troops from Afghanistan and bring them home in a steady and slow pattern or increments. Closing out a combat and war zone takes a lot of planning, preparation, training and cooperation from all Allied forces and host nations; Afghanistan is no different. A decade of war needs to come to an end and Afghanis need to take chargeRead MoreNelson Mandela, Harriet Tubman, And Patrisse Cullors1500 Words   |  6 PagesRights- noun: the rights of citizens to political and social freedo m and equality. Nelson Mandela, Harriet Tubman, and Patrisse Cullors all share one common trait: civil rights and protecting the freedom of others. Nelson Mandela fought for freedom against the apartheid in South Africa, and was a philanthropist who served as President in South Africa. Harriet Tubman was abolitionist, armed scout and spy, who helped hundreds of slaves escape through the Underground Railroad during the Civil War. PatrisseRead MoreCivil Rights And Nelson Mandela1375 Words   |  6 PagesRights- noun: the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. Nelson Mandela, Harriet Tubman, and Patrisse Cullors all share one common trait: civil rights and protecting the freedom of others. Nelson Mandela fought for freedom against the apartheid in South Africa, and was a philanthropist who served as President in South Africa. Harriet Tubman was abolitionist, armed scout and spy, who helped hundreds of slaves escape through the Underground Railroad during the Civil War. PatrisseRead MoreA Free And Home Of The Brave : The Freedom And Its Modern Day Reality1500 Words   |  6 Pagesstar and stripe. However, the promises of freedom that are established during a country’s eager beginnings rarely come into play in the manner in which they are intended. Flags are meant to be a representation of the ideals of a free country; however, flags are often a facade for the unsettling inequalities that exist within a nation. In the young country of Eritrea, the road to freedom and its modern day reality exhibits obvious discrepancies in the freedoms that were promised. 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This protection of freedom and democracy also fostered pro-American opinions, as they were fighting to provide freedom and democracyRead MoreTrue Feminism : Equality For All1497 Words   |  6 Pagesin a better position than they ever have been in American history, or the history of the world, but the goal has still not yet been met. Freedom fighters advocating for the equality of both genders are still very much a part of everyday life, and will continue to be until equality is realized. However, over the past few decades, certain portions of these freedom fighters have arisen to be a separate movement altogether under the guise of feminism. These â€Å"radicals† seem to have an ulterior motive,Read MoreIn The Early To Mid-1900S America Was Faced To Go Through1266 Words   |  6 Pagesmid-1900s America was faced to go through wars and racial discrimination. Intolerance towards race and religion continued for years before the U.S. entered World War 2. 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Convergence In Technology Essay Example For Students

Convergence In Technology Essay Convergence in Technology The concept of a global village or a united community around the world has only in these last few years become a concept widely thought of. However, it seems that the idea of a large-scale sharing of information has long been developing, whether intended or not. The tools of communication have long served a single purpose, that of transmitting information from people to people. Direct communication was long ago realised with sign language and speech, but when people spread out, a kind indirect communication was needed. Thus we created (or rather, hired) the messenger. (Necessity is the mother of invention.) This evolved later into a postal service, connected around the world by a network of synchronised offices of a similar nature. For a long time, indirect communication was the only way to communicate over long distances. Once the telegraph came along, however, people were able to instantly communicate information over long distances. This evolved somewhat into the telephone, which spawned the radio and television. As these were developed, the efficiency and clarity of these transmissions improved, and this allowed the world to know what was happening anywhere else in the world at any given time. At this same time, programmable computers were finally coming to be used. Information was input to these machines and stored on tapes that could be put onto different computers to be run. This paralleled postal mail in a form of indirect communication. However, computers were also already based in intercommunication, because computers are systems of smaller functioning devices connected to perform a function or process. The evolution of computers communicating then evolved by extending direct connections between these large systems, sharing information. With the invention of the modem, computers could communicate piggybacking a system that people already used. As the modem developed, communications speeds increased. The state of convergence b egan when people were communicating increased types of information through these computers. First program data, statistics, stock market quotes, news, specific interest information, and finally personal information. Computers became a method of communication within themselves. The increased usage of modems for things like e-mail and on-line forums came about even before the Internet. Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) had a short-lived but popular life in the years leading up to the many commercial Internet providers we see today. As communication increased in popularity in this on-line form, companies became conscious of these opportunities and began to advertise on-line. This mark a point of acceleration, because once Corporate America finds an opportunity to turn a profit, then almost anything can become a growth industry. BBSs became more elaborate with colourful interfaces, developed their own client software for ease of use, and formed networks of several bulletin boards permanentl y connected to provide an increased realm of communication. This concept of large interconnected networks brought recognition to the long established government networks such as ARPA-Net, and those used with universities and libraries to exchange information. When these were combined, they formed massive networks circling the globe, which provided for long distance communication between computers instantaneously. Commercial providers spawned, giving access to this network to individuals from the comfort of their homes. As the technology evolved, such as in the development of HTTP and HTML, the Internet became easy to use and appealed to people other than those highly experienced with computers. To simplify the experience even further, companies tried to cut out the computer in the equation, shaping technologies like E-mail capable cell phones and WebTV. Conversely, as people were able to use TVs for the internet, TV cable companies began to use their massive house-to-house networks of previously laid dedicated cable (which was higher in quality to the traditional telephone lines) to offer the internet on faster, dedicated lines, that conveniently did not tie up phone lines while in use. (This improving technology also allowed us the bandwidth to connect an Internet phone call with someone any distance away, with excellent clarity and no long distance fees.) Other combinations of computers and television are available in Cable TV tuner cards that allow users to watch TV programs on their computers, but computers can also use televisions now instead of the regular monitors. New High Definition TVs also offer high-resolution images comparable to those of a large computer monitor when supplied with a digital TV signal. So where are all of these combinations of current and developing technologies leading to? Well, through trial and error, some of these will no doubt lose popularity or disappear due to redundancy. We are now given the choice to use our computer, con nected through the internet via our TV cable outlet and displayed on our High-Definition TV, to watch a TV show broadcast via the internet. The ultimate point of convergence I envision for the future is a single fibre-optic cable in our homes (perhaps brought to us by ShawTel?) as a conduit to what we know now as the Internet. Fad appliances like WebTV will be eliminated due to their inadequateness and will be replaced by integrated systems within a household. They will provide for our entertainment needs with interactive broadcast programs, news reports of only the stories or areas we request, and communication via a video and audio connection to anyone, anywhere in the world. This battle for supremacy over who will control the future of communication will be fought largely between the telecommunications companies and the Cable TV companies. Perhaps mergers will be sought, or some companies will be run out of business because of their inability to keep up. Millions of dollars will be lost and billions will be made, but the end product will create a closely-knit global community, able to communicate instantly regardless of language or location. computers and their effect on society By: jay Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society. *From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of peoples lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computers ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to pr ogramming rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascals father who was a tax collector (Soma, 32). In the early 1800s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed byand stored data oncards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punchcards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device (Soma, 46). After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. Ho wever, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest (Osborne, 45). Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Gulliver, 82). Since the population of the U.S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool in tabulating the totals. These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations. By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digit s. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the worlds business computing and a good portion of the computing work in science (Chposky, 73). By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts. Aikens machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations. Also, it had special built-in programs to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully autom atic and could complete long computations without human intervention (Chposky, 103). The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. It could multiply two numbers at the rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of computers (Dolotta, 47). ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. It used punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the computer to do. It was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955 (Dolotta, 50). Mathematician John von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted (Hall, 73). The first wave of mod ern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947. This group included computers using random access memory (RAM), which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information (Hall, 75). These machines had punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAMs of 1000-word capacity. Physically, they were much more compact than ENIAC: some were about the size of a grand piano and required 2500 small electron tubes. This was quite an improvement over the earlier machines. The first-generation stored-program computers required considerable maintenance, usually attained 70% to 80% reliable operation, and were used for 8 to 12 years. Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. This group of machines included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially available computers (Hazewindus, 102). The U NIVAC was developed by John W. Mauchley and John Eckert, Jr. in the 1950s. Together they had formed the Mauchley-Eckert Computer Corporation, Americas first computer company in the 1940s. During the development of the UNIVAC, they began to run short on funds and sold their company to the larger Remington-Rand Corporation. Eventually they built a working UNIVAC computer. It was delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951 where it was used to help tabulate the U.S. population (Hazewindus, 124). Early in the 1950s two important engineering discoveries changed the electronic computer field. The first computers were made with vacuum tubes, but by the late 1950s computers were being made out of transistors, which were smaller, less expensive, more reliable, and more efficient (Shallis, 40). In 1959, Robert Noyce, a physicist at the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, invented the integrated circuit, a tiny chip of silicon that contained an entire electronic circuit. Gone was the bulky, u nreliable, but fast machine; now computers began to become more compact, more reliable and have more capacity (Shallis, 49). These new technical discoveries rapidly found their way into new models of digital computers. Memory storage capacities increased 800% in commercially available machines by the early 1960s and speeds increased by an equally large margin. These machines were very expensive to purchase or to rent and were especially expensive to operate because of the cost of hiring programmers to perform the complex operations the computers ran. Such computers were typically found in large computer centersoperated by industry, government, and private laboratoriesstaffed with many programmers and support personnel (Rogers, 77). By 1956, 76 of IBMs large computer mainframes were in use, compared with only 46 UNIVACs (Chposky, 125). In the 1960s efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computers with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the completion of th e LARC machine for Livermore Radiation Laboratories by the Sperry-Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer by IBM. The LARC had a core memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 microseconds. Stretch was provided with several ranks of memory having slower access for the ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less than 1 microseconds and the total capacity in the vicinity of 100 million words (Chposky, 147). During this time the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of computer capabilities, as well as various computer-related equipment. These included input means such as consoles and card feeders; output means such as page printers, cathode-ray-tube displays, and graphing devices; and optional magnetic-tape and magnetic-disk file storage. These found wide use in business for such applications as accounting, payroll, inventory control, ordering supplies, and billing. Central processing units (CPUs) for such purposes did not need to be very fast arit hmetically and were primarily used to access large amounts of records on file. The greatest number of computer systems were delivered for the larger applications, such as in hospitals for keeping track of patient records, medications, and treatments given. They were also used in automated library systems and in database systems such as the Chemical Abstracts system, where computer records now on file cover nearly all known chemical compounds (Rogers, 98). The trend during the 1970s was, to some extent, away from extremely powerful, centralized computational centers and toward a broader range of applications for less-costly computer systems. Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, began using computers of relatively modest capability for controlling and regulating their activities. In the 1960s the programming of applications problems was an obstacle to the self-sufficiency of moderate-sized on-site computer install ations, but great advances in applications programming languages removed these obstacles. Applications languages became available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for computer operation of machine tools, and for many other tasks (Osborne, 146). In 1971 Marcian E. Hoff, Jr., an engineer at the Intel Corporation, invented the microprocessor and another stage in the deveopment of the computer began (Shallis, 121). A new revolution in computer hardware was now well under way, involving miniaturization of computer-logic circuitry and of component manufacture by what are called large-scale integration techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that scaling down the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and improve performance. However, at that time the manufacturing methods were not good enough to accomplish such a task. About 1960 photoprinting of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became highly develo ped. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by photographic means (Rogers, 142). In the 1970s entire assemblies, such as adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny chips of silicon. In the 1980s very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors are placed on a single chip, became increasingly common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The size-reduction trend continued with the introduction of personal computers, which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals (Rogers, 153). One of the first of such machines was introduced in January 1975. Popular Electronics magazine provided plans that would allow any electronics wizard to build his own small, programmable computer for about $380 (Rose, 32). The computer was called the Altair 8800. I ts programming involved pushing buttons and flipping switches on the front of the box. It didnt include a monitor or keyboard, and its applications were very limited (Jacobs, 53). Even though, many orders came in for it and several famous owners of computer and software manufacturing companies got their start in computing through the Altair. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer, built a much cheaper, yet more productive version of the Altair and turned their hobby into a business (Fluegelman, 16). After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computer industry became a fierce battleground of competition. IBM had been the computer industry standard for well over a half-century. They held their position as the standard when they introduced their first personal computer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975 (Chposky, 156). However, the newly formed Apple Computer company was releasing its own personal computer, the Apple II (The Apple I was the first comp uter designed by Jobs and Wozniak in Wozniaks garage, which was not produced on a wide scale). Software was needed to run the computers as well. Microsoft developed a Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) for the IBM computer while Apple developed its own software system (Rose, 37). Because Microsoft had now set the software standard for IBMs, every software manufacturer had to make their software compatible with Microsofts. This would lead to huge profits for Microsoft (Cringley, 163). The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make the computer as affordable as possible while increasing speed, reliability, and capacity. Nearly every computer manufacturer accomplished this and computers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keeping track of inventories. Computers were in colleges aiding students in research. Computers were in laboratories making complex calculations at high speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made its mark everywhere in society and built up a huge industry (Cringley, 174). The future is promising for the computer industry and its technology. The speed of processors is expected to double every year and a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are further perfected the prices of computer systems are expected to steadily fall. However, since the microprocessor technology will be increasing, its higher costs will offset the drop in price of older processors. In other words, the price of a new computer will stay about the same from year to year, but technology will steadily increase (Zachary, 42) Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grown from a standing start into one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the United States. It now comprises thousands of companies, making everything from multi-million dollar high-speed supercomputers to printout paper and floppy disks. It employs millions of people and generates tens of billions of dollars in sales each year (Malone, 19 2). Surely, the computer has impacted every aspect of peoples lives. It has affected the way people work and play. It has made everyones life easier by doing difficult work for people. The computer truly is one of the most incredible inventions in history. Bibliography Chposky, James. Blue Magic. New York: Facts on File Publishing. 1988. Cringley, Robert X. Accidental Empires. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing, 1992. Dolotta, T.A. Data Processing: 1940-1985. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1985. Fluegelman, Andrew. A New World, MacWorld. San Jose, Ca: MacWorld Publishing, February, 1984 (Premire Issue). Hall, Peter. Silicon Landscapes. Boston: Allen Irwin, 1985 Gulliver, David. Silicon Valey and Beyond. Berkeley, Ca: Berkeley Area Government Press, 1981. Hazewindus, Nico. The U.S. Microelectronics Industry. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988. Jacobs, Christopher W. The Altair 8800, Popular Electronics. New York: Popular Electronics Publishing, January 1975. Malone, Michael S. The Big Scare: The U.S. Coputer Industry. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Co., 1985. Osborne, Adam. Hypergrowth. Berkeley, Ca: Idthekkethan Publishing Company, 1984. Rogers, Everett M. Silicon Valey Fever. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishing, 1984. Rose, Frank. West of Eden. New York: Viking Publishing, 1989. Shallis, Michael. The Silicon Idol. New York: Shocken Books, 1984. Soma, John T. The History of the Computer. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1976. Zachary, William. The Future of Computing, Byte. Boston: Byte Publishing, August 1994.

IVe Seen the Promise Land free essay sample

Through understanding of his speeches and similar past leaders such as Moses and Jesus, it is clear how Dr. King established himself as the leader of the civil rights movement and his vision and strength led many to a better life filled with the freedoms that they had yearned for. The opening of this speech is inspirational yet it is also somewhat unexpected when put in the context of his other more famous works. When asked by God what age he would like to live in, he describes some of the most famous and wondrous places of all time, such as Ancient Greece or the Renaissance. Then, with a powerful swoop in his voice, he says: Strangely enough, I would turn to the Almighty, and say, ‘If you allow me to live just a few years in the second half of the 20th century, I will be happy. ’ Now thats a strange statement to make, because the world is all messed up. We will write a custom essay sample on IVe Seen the Promise Land or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nation is sick. Trouble is in the land; confusion all around. Thats a strange statement. But I know, somehow, that only when it is dark enough can you see the stars. Martin Luther King Jr. knew that the time had come to finally address the issues that had been conflicted within him as well as countless others. He states, â€Å"But now, no longer can they just talk about it. It is no longer a choice between violence and nonviolence in this world; its nonviolence or nonexistence. † He continued his speech by delivering messages from Jesus and various biblical passages to show why it is so important that they continued to be pushed forth and not remain idle. Even after their protest in Memphis they needed to keep marching forward, literally and figuratively. This speech was not only inspiring for the civil rights movements, but can also be used as an inspiration and a guideline to overcome any injustice that can be inflicted onto someone. Dr. King believed that when men and women had the mission of doing God’s will and standing up for what is right, that this would allow them to no longer fear death. Once you have conquered those who had at one point unjustly conquered you, then you are free. In addition to all the things Dr. King believed were needed to reach the â€Å"Promised Land†, the most important thing, though not directly stated by King, was the presence of an innate and inspirational leader who has a clear vision and the ability to express and correctly assert that vision onto those who want to quell injustice, along with the courage to fight against it himself. When you look at the difference between successful and also failed campaigns against injustice, the one thing that is always remembered is that in successful ones there was a leader who rallied his people. Moses was determined to lead the slaves out of Egypt and accomplished it by uniting them with his cause. Another example is Abraham Lincoln when he organized those around him and passed the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. King Jr. embodied everything that Moses and Abraham Lincoln did for their people, and then some. Without him, the civil rights movement very well could have died down and the world would not be where it is at today. With this in mind, there are 3 key moments in Dr. King’s life that made him into the visionary who took on all the arduous tasks that were placed before him. First is the time he spent in Birmingham Jail and the letter he wrote. â€Å"Human progress†¦it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be coworkers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. This showed that he was willing to fight alongside his people and endure anything that they did, and that he would go to the greatest of lengths to make his point. The second and his most famous speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, delivered on August 28, 1963, not only sparked a fire under those who had already been involved, but additionally enlisted those who may not have had previously agreed with his beliefs or thought that change was not possible. It also gained global media attention and exposed his brilliance, showing what he truly envisioned for the future of his country. The third and final moment was his death the day after delivering his speech â€Å"I See the Promised Land†. His martyrdom was a symbol to all that things needed to, and were going to, change. From that very speech given in Memphis, he preached: Well, I dont know what will happen now. Weve got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesnt matter with me now, because Ive been to the mountaintop. And I dont mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And Hes allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land! In his speech â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop†, King delved into the current status of the civil rights movement and how he saw that the future was bright, as long as people continued to persevere in the face of adversity, and did not allow the opposition to deter them. He believed that they had come too far to let it slip away, and even without him as their leader he knows they can accomplish it. As with all other successful movements, a leader who is extremely persuasive, motivational, and is willing to do anything for what he believes in is key. For Dr. King, there were three crucial moments in his life that shaped him to become such, and they are: his prison time and letter from Birmingham Jail, his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, and his martyrdom. These not only made him the face and leader of the civil rights movement, but arguably the greatest and most influential leader in history. Bibliography King, Martin Luther Jr. â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop. Speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968. American Rhetoric. http://www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm King, Martin Luther Jr. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail. † (letter, Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963. African Studies Center-University of Pennsylvania, http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html [ 1 ]. Martin Luther King Jr. ,  "I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† (speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968), American Rhetoric, http://www. mericanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm [ 2 ]. King Jr. , â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† (April 3, 1968) [ 3 ]. Martin Luther King Jr. , â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† (letter, Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963), African Studies Center-University of Pennsylvania, http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html [ 4 ]. Martin Luther King Jr. , â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop† (speech, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968), American Rhetoric, http://www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop. htm

LSteele Ethical Paper free essay sample

As an anthropologist, my answer would be the relationship between ideology and power. Dominant ideologies form the baseline for consensus in almost every society. It is important to understand ideologies that constitute the normative baseline are a social construct of the dominant group, meaning they are not innate or fixed. They can be changed. I believe that historicism is responsible for all social and cultural phenomena, including poverty. Similar to many human problems, attempts at addressing poverty should ask what social and cultural structures allow poverty to exist?Poverty is a consequence of power imbalances and socially constructed inequality influenced by ideology. It is a human condition that operates with homeostasis functions (unique ideology), sustaining and perpetuating the culture Of poverty. It is important to note that merely identifying the root cause of poverty addresses only one aspect of the problem. Although imbalanced social structures are responsible for creating poverty, the condition of poverty, as well as the ideologies it produces must also be understood and addressed in order to end the cycle of poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on LSteele Ethical Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is necessary to take a holistic approach when addressing poverty as a human condition and be able to view cause and condition as separate, but equal concerns. Anthropologist Oscar Lewis created the term culture of poverty to show how poverty conditions ideology. He argued that ideologies learned in childhood perpetuate the cycle of poverty across generations and consistently identified four factors that sustain the culture of poverty: marginality, helplessness, dependency, and inferiority. Individuals born Into poverty are conditioned to believe they do not have the ability to be successful.It is important to understand that this theory is based on larger social and cultural factors rather than on the individual. The culture of poverty is more a state of thinking, a set of beliefs, as opposed to a state of being (Lewis Farce, 1959). II: Application of Utilitarianism, Demonology, and Rails Distributive Justice Arguments In this section Of the ethical reflection paper two items set forth in President Beams agenda aimed at reducing poverty in the United States will be argued from three ethical frameworks.These items include raising wages and investing in children. A: Raising Wages According to Michael Sanded, utilitarianism, a consequentialit y form of moral reasoning formulated by British philosopher Jeremy Beneath, locates morality in the consequence of an act or the state of the world that results from the thing you do (201 1). It sees our actions as ways to make the world better. The objective of utilitarianism is to maximize utility, or happiness, as exemplified by the guiding principle, the greatest good for the greatest number (Jimenez, 1998).From this perspective, raising the minimum wage would result happier, more fulfilled employees. For an employee, the ability to earn a living wage would increase their job satisfaction as well as their productivity, subsequently decreasing the companys rate of turnover as well as any associated costs of employee turnover. Demonology argues for action out of duty. A categorical form of moral reasoning formulated by German philosopher Emmanuel Kant, this ethical framework locates morality in certain duties and rights and views consequences as morally irrelevant.Emmanuel Kant says that insofar as our actions have moral worth, what confers moral worth is our capacity to rise above self-interest and inclination and to act out of duty. Michael Sanded simply states, The moral value of an action depends on the motive do the right thing for the right reason(2011). As mentioned by President Obama, under current law, a full-time worker with two children earning minimum wage will still raise his or her family in poverty. (Biotech, 2013).This account maintains that every individual has the right to earn adequate wages to support themselves, arguing for a moral obligation on behalf of workers currently receiving minimum wage benefits and the federal government of the United States to respect the dignity of their citizens as human beings by offering a morally acceptable living wage that would allow for the individual to rise above the poverty level. Moreover, allowing the market to determine workers wage benefits would not be acting in accordance with the duty to act.Rails Distributive Justice theory, developed by modern American philosopher John Rails, maintains each society enacts a ramekin of laws, institutions, and policies, resulting in unequal distributions of benefits and burdens amongst me beers of society (Lament, 1996). Future consequences society faces, rather than the moral duties of individuals are the primary concerns. According to this model, a living wage should be enacted as a tool to reduce income inequality. B: Investing in Children Ethnologist argue that education is a basic human right essential for the exercise of all other human rights (The Right to Education, 2014).

The Genius of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart essays

The Genius of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart essays Through the hard times and financial insecurity of a musician in the 1700's, Mozart accomplished his dream of becoming a great musician. Coming from a talented family, he spent his life with music. All this started when he was old enough to walk. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptized in a Salzburg cathedral the day after his birth; January 27th, 1756. He was born to the Leopold Mozart, a musical author, composer, and violinist; and to his wife Anna Marie Pertl. Only Wolfgang and his sister Maria Anna, or Nannerl, survived infancy. Wolfgang was the seventh born child, out of seven children. Wolfgang was baptized under the name Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus. He never used these names in his later life. He often went by Amadeus or Amade. Although he could not walk until the age of three, Mozart started to display musical talent at the age of four. He could also play any piano melody given to him. It is believed that Mozart's first music was composed shortly after his fourth birthday. At age five he could play the violin with perfect intonation. He injoined this attention that he was getting for being a gifted musician. He found great pleasure in learning and pleasuring his father. It took all of 30 minutes to mast er his first musical composition. This was a scherzo by Georg Christoph Wagenseil, learned three days before his fifth birthday. Leopold began to neglect his court career and devote more time to Wolfgang and Nannerl's musical instruction. He then proceeded to send his two children on tours to play in the courts of Europe. The family set out from Salzburg on September 18, 1762. At Linz, Wolfgang gave his first public concert. Among the audience was Count Herberstein and Count Hieronymous. Both were astonished and hurried to Vienna to spread the reports of Mozart's talent. All of Vienna was anxiously awaiting the arrival of the prodigies from Salzburg. '"We are already being talked f everywhere," Leopold reporte...

Stages Leading to Fire setting in Children Essay

Stages Leading to Fire setting in Children - Essay Example The researcher states that psychologists have expressed considerable interests towards the child fire setters by coming up with the stages leading to the fire setting. According to Bartol and Bartol, the developmental stages are in three categories comprising of fire interest, fire play and fire setting. This implies that children like to experiment with fire due to fascination as they develop. The first step is the fire interest that arises due to fascination in the early years of development. The child would try to set fires at homes every day, making this a habit as they discover new tricks. It is evident that fire fascination starts at age three with almost one in every five children setting fires. In this regard, parents need to be cautious of the harmful situations that might cause damage or harm to the child and the nearby environment. The other phrase is the experimentation that occurs when the child gets older, normally between the ages of five and nine. In this level, the c hild investigates on how a fire starts and how it burns. However, the chances of the child being burnt or injured are common because of their vulnerability to the risks of fire. This is because of their inexperience to use or extinguish fire if it flares out of control. The age of ten years exposes children to the dangers of fire and they now understand its consequences. The fire setting stage is determined if a child continues to experiment upon passing the age of ten years.

News Paper article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News Paper - Article Example l honors and awards this year which include: Honor Student, Outstanding Student Council Service, National Junior Honor Society, Million Word Reader for the 2008-2009 School Year, an excellent overall result on her 2009 CRCT test and now, the recipient of the Stephen Foundation Essay Contest. Alicia Hampton is the daughter of Kevin T. and Sonya Hampton and her proud grandparents are Arnett and Mary Ann Williams of Whigham Georgia. Alicia is also an outstanding student, attending Whigham Elementary School and maintaining her name on the Honor Roll List. She has been an outstanding student and has now contributed to her awards with the 2009 Stephen Foundation Essay Contest. The Foundation is proud of the accomplishments of these two outstanding students and applaud their efforts for researching their work well and for closely following the instructions for the essay. The two students will not only be honored with the award, but will each receive a mini-laptop, a $500 check, and a backpack full of school supplies that will last throughout the

Reaction paper about a video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reaction paper about a video - Essay Example ng of age† story and parallelized to the coming of age of America at a time when so much turmoil, fear and emotionalism was being experienced by the nation. I know that this would appeal to audiences young and old alike because of its multiple features – style and creativity which may appeal to the youth and historical facts and intrigues that may captivate the older members of the audience. The character of Andrew Jackson was an enigma that was slowly demystified throughout the show. First packaged as a democratic president who always yielded to the will of the people, the interview in the video revealed that in reality he was a â€Å"decider† who was known for ousting Native Americans from their homes to â€Å"cleanse† the race. For conservative viewers, the play may be seen as too controversial due to the bold depiction of the story, but for the more modern thinkers, it may be seen as a liberating experience. The director was successful in bringing out hushed opinions in an acceptable way. An example is the tackling of â€Å"backroom deals† of the president through song and dance. The play made me think deeper into my own views of democracy and leadership, and has led me to believe that like in all things, a perfect balance needs to be achieved no matter how difficult it may seem to be especially if a multitude of people is affected by my

Terrorism Effect On Tourism Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay

Terrorism Effect On Tourism Industry In Pakistan Tourism Essay First of all we must know what is meant by the term Tourism. Mostly the term tourism is taken as the visit and travel to other places then home town or city. The term tour means to visit places whether they are for picnics or for business purposes. Tourism can be defined as to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.  [1]   Mostly business purposes are concerned less with the regard of tourism phenomena. People travel mostly for leisure, enjoyment, relaxation and to break the routine of their daily work life. People travel for many reasons that could be For visiting their relatives in other geographical locations For visiting the places of their interests like monuments, forts, architectural buildings, museums etc. For attending or for to witness any events such like Dubai Shopping festivals, concerts of famous singers and actors, Basant in Pakistan and India etc. For research purposes and for collecting data for research on interested topics For religious activities and worship such as Hajj and Umrah in Islam, Guru Nanak Devs festival in Sikhism, etc. For events like New Year, Christmas, Eid, Independence Day, etc. For medical purposes such as for better treatment opportunities, for better environment for health, etc. For higher education and better jobs and business opportunities For exposure and adventurous purposes And there could be so many reasons and purposes for traveling. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.  [2]   Tourism Industry Tourism industry is one of the most important sectors of the nations economy. Tourism industry is based upon the tourism policies made by administration, tourism development programs and projects, investments in the maintenance of the places for tourists, Ministry of tourism and all the factors and elements effecting the process and activity of tourism. In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. In 2009, international tourists arrivals fell to 880 million, representing a worldwide decline of 4% as compared to 2008. The region most affected was Europe with a 6% decline.  [3]   Ranks Country UNWTO Regional Market International tourist arrivals (2009)  [4]   International tourist arrivals (2008)  [5]   International tourist arrivals (2007)  [6]   1 France Europe 74.2million 79.2million 80.9million 2 USA North America 54.9million 57.9million 56million 3 Spain Europe 52.2million 57.2 million 58.7 million 4 china Asia 50.9 million 53 million 54.7 million 5 Italy Europe 43.2 million 42.7 million 43.7 million 6 UK Europe 28 million 30.1 million 30.9 million 7 Turkey Europe 25.5 million 25 million 22.2 million 8 Germany Europe 24.2 million 24.9 million 24.4 million 9 Malaysia Asia 23.6 million 22.1 million 21 million 10 Mexico North America 21.5 million 22.6 million 21.4 million The World Tourism Organization reports the above ten countries as the most visited from 2007 to 2009 by the number of international travelers. By the given table we can see that most of the top visited countries lie in the region of Europe continent. This also shows the importance of the tourism industrial sector importance in the economy of Europe. Germany, France and Italy tourism receipts can be seen in the following table. The table shows the earnings of three developed states of Europe in tourism industry. Country International Tourism Receipts (2009)  [7]   International Tourism Receipts (2008)  [8]   International Tourism Receipts (2007)  [9]   France 48.7billion$ 55.6billion$ 54.3billion$ Italy 40.2billion$ 45.7billion$ 42.7billion$ Germany 34.7billion$ 40billion$ 36billion$ We can see from the above table that how the tourism receipts of three important and developed countries of Europe rise and fall during the period of 2007 to 2009. Country International Tourism Receipts (2009)  [10]   International Tourism Receipts (2008)  [11]   International Tourism Receipts (2007)  [12]   France 38.9billion$ 43.1billion$ 36.7billion$ Italy 27.8billion$ 30.8billion$ 27.3billion$ Germany 80.8billion$ 91billion$ 83.1billion$ The World Tourism Organization reports above data that how much these three states spend on their tourism industry. German tourists are said to be the top spenders in the tourism Industry. Tourism industrial sector has great importance in each and every nations economy because its a great and direct source of generating foreign exchange rate. Pakistans Tourism Industry Pakistan is one of the very few countries which is not only blessed by Cultural Heritage, Old Civilizations, Landscapes, Archaeological Ruins and Historic Monuments but also blessed by almost all kinds of weather and geographical areas. Pakistan is a destination that has so much to offer visitors from outside. By UNESCO World Heritage Site the list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. This list suggests catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural and natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Pakistan is also one of the states identified as a tourism site for international tourism activity. There are 6 sites identified by UNESCO World Heritage Site within the geographical boundaries of Pakistan as followed Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh Buddhist Ruins at Takht-i-Bahi and Neighboring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Taxila, Punjab Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, Punjab Historic Monuments of Thatta, Sindh Rohtas Fort, Punjab  [13]   UNESCO World Heritage Site not only makes the list but also provides funds and support for the maintenance of these sites and to promote the tourism industrial sector of the state. Pakistan besides these 6 sites identified by UNESCO World Heritage Site has much more to offer tourists. Following are the sites other then the above 6 sites. Karakoram Highway through the endless peaks of the Karakoram Mountains Architectural buildings and gardens of former Mughal capital city Lahore The ancient bazaars of Quetta Beautiful beaches and the cosmopolitan streets of Karachi Hill stations and summer resorts like Murree Hiran Minar in Sheikhupura constructed by Emperor Jahangir a monument to Mansraj, one of his pet deer Gurdwara Guru Nanak Temple Nankana Sahab. Mausoleums like Tomb of Jahangir, Tomb of Anarkali, and Khari Shareef etc. Changa Manga a planted forest and a wildlife center in Lahore District, Punjab Cities like Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, etc containing entertainment sites like parks, restaurants, hotels, picnic areas, safari parks, cinemas, theatres, art exhibitions, concerts, dance clubs etc Landscapes like Naraan, Kaghaan, Jheel Saif-ul-Malook, Siri Paaye, K2 mountain, Hunza and Chitral Valley etc And there are many more magnificent places in different areas of the states and is hard to count them and show them all in one list. During 1993, Pakistan received 0.379 million foreign tourists recording an increase of 7.7 per cent compared to previous years. Pakistan has earned Rs. 126 million US dollars in 1993 from foreign tourists indicating an increase of 5.4 per cent compared to 1992.  [14]   Pakistan with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country. Its almost the double of that a decade ago. Before the Global economic crisis over the world Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually.  [15]   In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, The Guardian (also formerly known as The Manchester Guardian) which is a British national daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group, released The top five tourist sites in Pakistan in order to help the countrys tourism industry.  [16]  These sites are as followed Taxila, Punjab City Lahore, Punjab The Karakoram Highway is the highest road in the world, winding through the Karakoram mountain range and connecting to China In the lush Hunza valley, the sleepy village of Karimabad is a tourist oasis. An exhilarating jeep drive from the resort town of Narran lie the still waters and snow-capped mountains of Lake Saif-ul-Malook  [17]   To promote Pakistans unique and various cultural heritages, the Prime Minister launched the Visit Pakistan marketing campaign in 2007. This campaign involved various events throughout the year including fairs and religious festivals, regional sporting events, various arts and craft shows, folk festivals and several openings of historical museums.  [18]   The Tourism industry of Pakistan is growing with very slow speed. It can progress with rapid growth. Because of the boost up in the foreign investment and funding, Pakistan is becoming more capable of building and improving its infrastructure including air networks and facilities of movements of cargo and inter-city travel which are much improved and still improving day by day. Roads like Motor Way and Karakoram highway promoted traveling so much. But still the government has not been able to take the tourism market seriously within Pakistan. There are many reasons for this like Political instability, Crisis situations like Earthquake and Flood, tourist attractions which have not been funded or protected due to the government giving the tourism market a low priority. But I have noticed that besides these problems and instable situations, one of the major reasons in the decline of Tourism industry in Pakistan is the high threat of terrorism attacks and bomb blasts occurrence in Pakist ans major and capital Cities. Terrorism is hitting very hardly on the reputation of Pakistans relation with peace. To understand the phenomena of Terrorism we will now discuss about it and then well check the effects and its influence on the Tourism industrial sector of Pakistan. Terrorism Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.  [19]  The definitions of terrorism is those violent acts which are intended to create fear and terror among the people, are perpetrated and performed for a religious, political or ideological goals, and its deliberate targets are the innocent civilians. After the incident of 911 collapse of World Trade Centre in 2001 September 11 at New York City, the whole world become crazy of the phenomena of the term Terrorism. Terrorism not only affected the national security measures but also changed the view of peoples trust and relations with each other. Terrorism is the most serious issue of the international relations among the nations. Terrorism created numerous disputes among the different states and people. Mostly the disputes arises among the religious groups and the mostly the religious groups are targeted to Muslims. Although Large numbers of Muslims are against such act of violence and deadly bomb blast s. The Groups which are considered to be responsible for such terrorist activities are mostly considered to be the Muslim group called AL-Qaeda. AL-Qaeda is a militant Islamist group founded sometime between August 1988 and late 1989. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a fundamentalist Sunni movement calling for global Jihad. It is considered a terrorist organization.  [20]   AL-Qaeda has attacked many innocent civilians and targeted many military locations and offices in various countries, most notably the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001. Im not suggesting that the AL-Qaeda is the only group which performs the terrorism activities. It could be possible that many terrorism activities were performed by the local groups, by any political party or by any extremist group to achieve or gain the success of their own interests. Thats why from onwards I will use the term Terrorists which is not referred to any specific group but to the people who perform such violence and deadly activities which are intended to create fear and terror among the people to achieve the interests of their own. Recent Attacks of terrorism shows that the new targets of Terrorists are the following Foreigners, tourists, travelers, and Office holders specially of the posts in foreign states Diplomat residences and Diplomats office bearers Hotels and Restaurants which are mostly the centre of attraction of foreigners, tourists and travelers. Foreigner Office bearers in local state Embassies of other states specially the European and American embassies Air network and Air lines such as Flights, private jets, air planes, etc. Sites which are dedicated to tourists and travelers such as Railway stations, air ports, sea ports, etc. Air ports are specially endangered targeted site of terrorists because large number of foreigners uses this facility of transportation. Terrorists are today unstoppable because of their tactic of Suicide attack often called as suicide bombers. The world is so disturbed by such tactic because firstly its hard to stop such person to explode himher self and secondly these suicide bombers are trained and being mind washed to make themselves to explode themselves. Although USA declared the war against terrorism but the truth is that terrorists and terrorism activities are beyond the control of any state or agency. Terrorism Attacks The concept of terrorist attacks are as old as the warfare and the geographical boundaries disputes but mostly the incident of United States, September 11 2001 is considered the starting date of massive attacks of terrorism in nations. Usually when ever we talk about Start of Terrorism or increase in the terrorism attacks, 911 is the incident which people usually recall to their minds. No doubt in it that after the 911 incident the terrorism activities increased with a great boost and almost each and every country of the world became the victim of the Suicidal attacks and Bomb Blasts. Thousands of people lost their lives. Following is the table of international terrorist attacks by death toll.  [21]   Estimate Name Country City Year 2,976 September11, 2001 Attacks United States New York 2001 796 2007 Qahtaniya bombings Iraq Qahtaniya 2007 334 Beslan School Siege Russia Beslan 2004 209 Mumbai train bombings India Mumbai 2006 191 March 11, 2004 Madrid train bombings Spain Madrid 2004 136 2007 Karachi bombing Pakistan Karachi 2007 116 Super ferry 14 bombing Philippines 2004 112 2006 Digampathana bombing Sri Lanka Digampathana 2006 100 2008 Kandahar bombing Afghanistan Kandahar 2008 90 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh 2005 74 July 2010 Kampala attacks Uganda Kampala 2010 27+ July 2010 Zahedan bombings Iran Zahedan 2010 6 2009 International Islamic University bombing Pakistan Islamabad 2009 We can see in the above table that why the incident of 911 is considered to be the boost up in the terrorism activities. By the help of death tool Terrorists attacks table we can see that the largest death and loss of lives occurred in the attacks of World Trade Center in 2001. The attacks after 2001 in different cities and states dont even come up to half of the death casualties appeared in 911 attacks. The world policies and Issues of National Security changed overnight after the incident of 911. USA becomes very strict in the immigration policies and also in the approval of Visas. Not only USA but also many developed states like UK, Germany, France, Canada and many European states adopted the strict policies of Visa approval and immigration policies. Terrorism Attacks in Pakistan Pakistan also becomes the victim of terrorist attacks after the 911 incident. Following is the table derived from World Terrorist Attacks by death tool.  [22]   Estimate Name City Year 136 2007 Karachi bombing Karachi 2007 117 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing Peshawar 2009 110 10 October 2008 Orakzai bombing Orakzai 2008 105 2010 Lakki Marwat suicide bombing Lakki Marwat 2010 104 Mohmand Agency attack Mohmand Agency 2010 98 May 2010 attacks on Ahmadi mosques in Lahore Lahore 2010 72+ March 2010 Lahore bombings Lahore 2010 70 2008 Wah bombing Wah 2008 58 April 2010 Kohat bombings Kohat 2010 56 2008 Ahmedabad bombings Ahmedabad 2008 54 December 2009 Lahore attacks Lahore 2009 54 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing Islamabad 2008 50 5 April 2010 Peshawar bombings Peshawar 2010 50 July 2010 Lahore bombings Lahore 2010 48 2009 Jamrud mosque bombing Jamrud 2009 47 2008 Parachinar bombing Parachinar 2008 43 2009 Karachi bombing Karachi 2009 38 October 2009 Lahore attacks Lahore 2009 38 December 2009 Rawalpindi attack Rawalpindi 2009 35 November 2009 Rawalpindi bombing Rawalpindi 2009 35 2009 Lahore bombing Lahore 2009 35 September 2008 Peshawar bombing Peshawar 2008 33 December 2009 Dera Ghazi Khan bombing Dera Ghazi Khan 2009 30 February 2010 Khyber Mosque bombing Khyber Agency 2010 25+ February 2010 Karachi bombings Karachi 2010 25 19 April 2010 Peshawar bombing Peshawar 2010 23 2009 Pakistan Army General Headquarters attack Punjab 2009 19 February 2010 Khyber bombing Khyber 2010 16 January 2010 Bajaur bombing Bajaur 2010 12 December 2009 Lower Dir mosque bombing Pakistan Lower Dir 2009 10 February 2010 Lower Dir bombing Lower Dir 2010 8 2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad Islamabad 2008 8 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team Lahore 2009 6 2009 International Islamic University bombing Islamabad 2009 We can see in the table that 7 terrorist attacks occurred in Lahore, 3 terrorist attacks occurred in Capital City Islamabad and 3 terrorist attacks occurred in Karachi, which are not only the major cities of Pakistan but also the centre of Tourists to Pakistan. During the period of 2007 to 2010 the total estimate of death casualties is more then 1660 (Sixteen hundred and sixty) people. The security issue is the big issue in every city of Pakistan especially in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. We can see that large number of Security measures have been taken to prevent such disastrous situations. The terrorists attacks in International Islamic University at Islamabad in 2009 not only terrorized the National Security but also lend great impacts upon the security measures of Educational and other institutions. Many terrorists attacks in Shopping Malls and local Markets raised the question of how to increase the Security measures? Citizens are even more terrified by the Bomb blasts in Hous ing Societies like Iqbal Town, Samanabad and Model Town. The general behavior of citizens of Pakistan is that they are not safe and the measures which are taken for Local and National Security are useless. The security measures at local level have been very much increased with a dramatic change in behaviors of Citizens. Four years earlier citizens wont bother for an unknown car parked in there alleys but now situation is so different. Even kids now notices unknown parked Cars and activities of strangers in their streets or areas. Different people have different opinions about these Terrorism attacks but these Terrorism Attacks have influenced each and every body from young to old, student to worker, Businessman to employee, Citizens to Foreigners. Terrorism effect on Tourism Industry Terrorism Attacks and Terrorists activities has great impact on the Tourism industrial Sector. Terrorism has a great and direct relation with the policies of tourism industry. Terrorism deeply influences the policies of Visa approval and the immigration process policies which plays an important role in the process of tourism activities and movement. We can see that after the 911 incident, USA termed very strict policies in the Visa approval and immigration especially for the citizens of Islamic states and for the Muslims. The strict policies are not only followed by USA but also by many other developed states like Canada, Australia, as well as many European states like Germany, France, Norway, UK, Italy, Denmark and many more. Underdeveloped states like India also followed such strict policies. The Strict Visa approval policies and the immigration policies are made to secure and promote the National Security of the states and nations. Terrorism attacks and terrorism activities influe nces directly the Visa approval and immigration policies. As the state will suffer more terrorism attacks the state will Grant less Visas and Immigration to the foreigners. The state will also Grant less Visas and Immigration to the foreigners and citizens of those states where there exists Great Terrorism Activities and where Terrorists attacks had been occurred. The Activities of Terrorism has negative effect on the grant of Visas and Immigrations. Although today the world became a global village after the inventions of better transportations (like Airplanes, Air Jets, Ships, Electric Trains and Fast cars like Ferrari, Jaguar, and BMW etc) and much improved infrastructures. Better infrastructure dramatically increased the tourists movements in the world but after these terrorists attacks, we can see appearance of decline in the Tourism Industry World wide. There is a great and increasingly decline in tourists arrivals in each year. The major reason for the decline in the Tourism economy is the Terrorism Activities. Terrorism effect on Tourism Industry in Pakistan We can see that large number of Terrorist attacks occurred in the city Lahore which is also a tourist and cultural hub of the Pakistan. Lahore is the city with many architectural buildings, Gardens of Mughal period, Monuments like Minar-e-Pakistan, Lahore Fort, Mosques of Mughal Period, Museums, Hotels and other entertainment sectors like Cinemas, Restaurants, and Family Parks etc. After these terrorist attacks Lahore is considered the most dangerous city in Pakistan to Travel. Since 2007 till 2010 there have been 7 terrorists attacks in which more then 355 people are killed. As we have discussed earlier that there had been more then 36 terrorist attacks since 2007 in which more then 1660 death casualties appeared. The estimated deaths could be far more then calculated. After these terrorists attacks the number of tourists are declining each year, especially in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi. Various campaigns are formed to attract tourist from around the world and to promote the Tour ism economy of the state but still the number of tourists has been dropping each year constantly. This year it dropped by 6% as compared to the figures of last year data. Its the harsh image, bad reputation of the political system and weak National security measures that is discouraging traveling and tourism economy to promote. Pakistans Minister of Tourism sees the situation very differently and says Things are not good in many parts of the world. There are crime problems. There are slums. There are terrorist problems. Sri Lanka has had the Tamil Tigers for decades and people still go, if you think where you are going should be completely peaceful, you will be constricted in your options. Being a tourist in the 21st Century requires a little courage  [23]   But people dont travel and dont perform tourism activities to show their courage or bravery. The act of Tourism is in itself an activity of both mind and physical Relaxation. According to me how Minister of Tourism can use these lines to promote Tourism economy of the state? Or what kind of excuse it is for decline in Tourism economy? I think its funny that our Minister of Tourism Industry suggests that besides the instable political system, crisis situations like Flood and Earthquakes, and Terrorists Attacks, we should not be afraid to travel to Pakistan. How is it possible that foreigners and tourists change their behavior and thinking like this when citizens of Pakistan are seeking for immigration opportunities and to abandon their Home towns and Birth place. You can see by yourself that people are always cursing Government and politics especially with regarding to the issues of Inflations and Terrorism Activities. Citizens are so terrified to go to mosques for Prayers and even to go to Markets for shopping all because of these Terrorist Attacks and Activities. The World Economic Forum produced the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report in 2009. The report provides a cross-country analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in travel and tourism, providing useful comparative information for making business decisions and additional value to governments wishing to improve their travel and tourism environments.  [24]   Pakistan ranked 113 out of 130 countries on the List of Global countries chart which should be visited and which are the great deal of Tourism activities. Last year Pakistan ranked 111 out of 124 countries, so in reality Pakistans ranking remains stagnant. On the other side Pakistans neighbor India ranked 11th in the Asian region and 62nd in the world overall. Although Pakistan ranked well in price competitiveness in the industry mainly because of low fuel prices, high purchasing power parity, and the extent of effect of taxation. Pakistan also ranked well in the number of heritage and cultural sites, and creative industr

Gaining Insight in A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

Gaining Insight in A Separate Peace  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A person often gains new insight as a result of a specific incident that he or she experiences.   This point is clearly demonstrated in the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles.   Gene learns the profound meaning of friendship when he pushes Phineas out of the tree.   When he learns that Phineas has this unconditional love for him, he becomes very guilty for what he has done.   The author foreshadows many events from the beginning of the book.   When Gene pushes Phineas out of the tree in a burst of jealous rage, he gains this profound meaning of friendship.   Even after the incident, Phineas doesn’t blame Gene for pushing him out of the tree.   Instead, Phineas chooses to believe that a gust of wind had jostled the branch causing his fall.   This is the story that he tells people and he believes himself.   When other students get suspicious of what really happened, they hold a mock trial in attempts to find the truth.   Phineas continues to lie for his friend and conjures an elaborate story to clear Gene’s name.   This evidently shows that Phineas would much rather lie to others and to himself, to protect the good name of Gene.     When Gene sees that Phineas would much rather lie for him, than to believe it himself, he becomes extremely guilty for his actions.   A moment, which occurred during those few seconds, has now caused him to see the pain he has inflicted on Phineas and how much Phineas really cares for him.   This guilt continues to come out during novel until Phineas’ foreshadowed death. Gene’s guilt is extremely evident when Phineas breaks his leg a second time.   As he sits in the infirmary with Phineas, all he could say was sorry.   There was nothing more that he could do.   From the beginning of the novel, we learn of a death and not until the final chapters of the book do we learn that this death is Phineas’.

Racism Definition Essay

Racism is something something we’ve all witnessed. Many people fail to believe that race isn’t a biological category, but an artificial classification of people with no scientifically variable facts. In other words, the distinction we make between races has nothing to do with genetic characteristics. Race was created socially, primarily by how people perceive ideas and faces we are not quite used to. The definition of race all depends on where and when the word is being used. In U.S. history, the meaning of the label â€Å"white† has changed over time, eventually adding groups like the Italians, Irish and Jews. Other groups, mainly African, Latino, American Indian, Pacific Islander, and Asian descendants, have found the path for worldwide social acceptance much more difficult. The irregular border of ethnicities touch educational and economic opportunity, political representation, as well as income, health and social mobility of people of color. So where did this type of behavior begin? There are many ideas thrown around as to how racism began, though the truth lies in the history of mankind. Before people were able to travel and experience difference groups of people, we predominantly stayed in the same kind of area with the same kind of people. We feared things that were different, and were lacked the power to face those kinds of things. All this changed once we did, in fact, obtain this level of human advancement, but the fear never drifted. The truth is, racism began as soon as people faced those of different races. We’ve always the fear of change, not to mention the unknown. It seems that is racism has been around so long we would have been able to overcome it as our species developed, but contact with those of whom we are afraid of often lead to disputes, which, in time, is what caused racism to transform from people simply disliking each other, to the permanent and indestructible foundation of common racism and prejudice. Contemporary racism is said to have been derived from many places, one of the most common ideas being upbringing. As a child, you are reliant on your parents to help you become who you are. Part of that involves their own, distinct opinions, that of which children don’t have the maturity to form on their own. They need the help of their parents, and this is often where the problem starts. If you were told that all Asians were sneaky or all Whites are evil or all Blacks are criminals, you can bet that you are going to feel this way about them. â€Å"Upbringing is the largest cause of racism†-Anonymous. Even if we allow yourself to get to know some of them, this will always be in the back of your mind. Another suggestion as to how racism makes it’s way into our heads is through the almighty media. As we grow up, media becomes a factor of our lives whether or not we want it to be, and is also a major source of how racism keeps itself active. Since the 70’s the media has been giving us racial labels, one of the largest supplies coming from crime shows like â€Å"Law and Order†, and â€Å"CSI†. When dealing with crime, people of color are reflected in the demarcation of â€Å"them† and â€Å"us†. Whites are often represented as the â€Å"good guy†, or the strong, law obeying citizens. They often target people of color, sometimes without any sort of evidence. Directors and writers use racial stereotypes to make a more complex story with more suspects. In the novel, â€Å"The Power of One,† by Bryce Courtney, a young, white, African boy named Peekay lives in a world where the government, the country, and the world revolves around racism. World War II is coming to an end, and in South Africa, the whites seem to hate the blacks just as much as the blacks hate the whites. Peekay was raised by a compassionate and loving black woman he refers to as â€Å"Nanny†, due to the unsafe conditions at home with his bad, mentally ill mother. He grew up with Nanny and his best friend, who was also black. To Peekay, racism didn’t exist. The author, Bryce Courtney, didn’t intend on writing a book fully based on racism in South Africa. He grasps a trace of apartheid by Peekay’s experiences as a white boy by unhurriedly soaking it into South Africa as a toxin. â€Å"Adapt, blend†¦develop a camouflage.† This thought went through Peekay’s mind once he had been exposed to racism, having been forced to attend a boarding school full of bigger, darker students. In Chapters One and Two, as a mere five-year-old, the bright protagonist Peekay is already addressing the necessity of affecting camouflages in order to survive the system. He is often forced to act differently around people of different skin colors in order to fit in better to prevent himself from getting beaten or teased. Peekay faces his first taste of racism the very first night at the boarding school. One boy, known as â€Å"The Judge†, who was much older, stronger, and darker than Peekay, comes up with the nickname â€Å"PissKop† for Peekay, because of Peekay’s habit to wet the bed that was caused by The Judge’s, along with the help of many other older black students, tendency to beat Peekay and spit in his face. The Judge also convinces Peekay that Hitler is determined to march all Englishmen in South Africa into the ocean, and even forces Peekay to eat human feces. Upbringing is a very strong factor of what influences people to become racist, or to have even slight racial views. In Peekay’s case, he had gone from one extreme to another. At home, Nanny and his best friend were the only people he could call family, besides his mother who spent time at what Peekay called â€Å"The Mental Breakdown Place†. When sent to the boarding school, he wasn’t expecting the black students to dislike him because of his skin color. He saw the black kids as merely bullies, and before they started bullying him hadn’t anticipated them to gang up on him because they were black. This is what caused Peekay’s neutrality with the racist society in which he lived. He gave each person a chance to be a good person, because he had seen the good in different ethnicities to which many people were stubborn to open up their minds. The power of one, or the idea of how one person can make a significant difference, is an important idea in relation to challenge in the novel. Giel Piet, one of Peekay’s boxing coaches who had been sneaking tobacco to all of the prisoners, was forced to eat feces by Sergeant Ballman, a white racist who works at the prison. If Giel Piet had refused to eat the feces, the guards would have found the tobacco, resulting in the prisoners getting beaten along with Giel Piet . As Peekay witnessed this happen to his coach, he thought, â€Å"It made me angry. Angry it was done. Angry I couldn’t do anything to stop it.† But how does racism really affect society? Visibly identifiable members of racial and ethnic oppressed groups continue to struggle for equal access and opportunity, particularly during times of stringent economics. Often, the targeted race has a harder time doing things such as finding a well-paying job or house. While there have been some sizeable gains in the labor force status of racial minorities, significant gaps remains. Racism is rampant in all areas of employment. For many members of exploited racial and ethnic unit, there is always an economic depression. Studies show that people of color are the last hired and the first fired. As a result, budget cuts, downsizing, and privatization may disproportionately hurt people of color. In February 1995 the unemployment rate for African Americans was 10.1 percent as compared to 4.7 percent for white Americans (Berry, 1995). The unemployment rate for adolescents of color is approximately four times that of white adolescents. Whatâ€⠄¢s more, In America, the Majority of unemployed men are black, and compared to other races, Blacks and Latinos on average have disproportionately low income. Other than simply getting a job, getting and keeping a house is often a difficult task for those of color. The job of a landlord is to rent out houses to reliable people or families, though a racist landlord could make it difficult for a family of color to find a home. Widespread housing discrimination against Americans of color in U.S. neighborhoods is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"national† problem, something that must be fixed by new government policies. Housing segregation in the United States developed slowly and deliberately. By law, property owners may not refuse to rent or sell housing, make housing unavailable to, set different conditions or privileges for sale or rental of a property, impose different rates and terms on a loan, refuse to make a mortgage loan, or discriminate in appraising property due to a client’s ethnicity, and because racism cannot be seen, these rules are very vague. Available evidence suggests that blacks and Hispanics face higher reje ction rates and less favorable conditions in securing mortgages than do Whites with similar credit characteristics (Ross & Yinger 1999). It has been reported that blacks pay more than 0.5% higher interest rates on home mortgages than whites do and that this difference persists with income level, date of purchase, and age of buyer. During the Great Depression, people of color had a much harder time getting past the financial hardship because of the racial stereotypes that had before been thrown around. In the book, Whitewash Race: The Myth of a Colorblind Society, Michael K. Brown says â€Å"In the late 1930’s, black unemployment rates were two to four times higher than white unemployment rates.† Few Blacks had any financial savings to caution them from the full affect of the Depression. Blacks that had before has troubles getting a well paying job the faced the same challenge with a much larger margin for failure. Mrs. Roosevelt was particularly fretful about the financial difficulties encountered by racism. Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, by Mildred D. Taylor, is a story about a black family, the Logans, from the south, living frugally in order to preserve and keep their patch of farmland. Because the story takes place during the end of the Great Depression, one of the worst times in history to be a black farmer, money has become very sparse for the family and for the neighborhood. The children of the family, Cassie, Stacey, Christopher-John, and Little Man, live in a world where white kids rule and they know it. White kids had the freedom to do anything they wished to do, from threatening the kids they thought were inferior to hammering kids who socialized with black kids, or even walked with them to school. This was the case for T.J., a friend of the Logan kids who often walked with Cassie and her brothers to school, more often than not with a price. While walking to school on the first day, Cassie and her brothers are cascaded in red dust as a bus full of white kids skids past, though they eventually get their revenge on the kids by sabotaging the bus. This is significant not only because it shows us just how boorish white kids were to black kids, but it also shows that black kids had to walk to school, and to some black kids, according to Cassie, the walk is so long they are forced to drop out of school. Cassie, being in fourth grade, attends a school especially for black kids. On the first day back to school, she and the other students are staggered to realize that that year they would be having books in the class, something that at that time was a luxury for an all-black school. Though once Cassie sees the books, she quickly sees why the books were given to them. The books were old and dirty, and on the inside of the front cover clenching to stay on was the label â€Å"Nigras.† Infuriated, Cassie refuses to take the bo ok, and is ultimately whipped for her quarrel. It isn’t until a black man is killed by a group of white men without consequence that the Logan kids grasp the idea of how dangerous living in a racist, white community could be. Racism becomes the problem revolving around the Logan family. Cassie doesn’t understand why they are treated differently and doesn’t want to back down because of the color of her skin. Stacey, on the other and, agrees to keep a low profile in the white community as to not trigger any alarms that may cause an issue. This novel does a good job of showing how the effects racism on a specific race simply cause racism itself to stay functioning. After all they endure, at the end of the book the Logan family are a healthier family than they were at the start, mainly because of their capability to see through each other’s skin color, something the rest of the town was unable to do. The disruption of the school bus, though it was simply a small revenge, shows how close the kids had become because of everything they had been through because of the white kids. Racism brings races together, making races seem like a tighter bondage, and ultimately making it easier to target races. Racism had existed throughout human history. It is regularly defined as the detestation, or belief that someone is less than human, because of skin color, place of birth, and mores. All of these arguments are based on a false understanding of race; in fact, some contemporary scientists could argue that the classification of races used today is inadequate, and that there are more meticulous and proper ways of categorizing humans. What may seem to be considerable â€Å"racial† differences to some people, such as skin color, hair, and facial shape, are not of much scientific significance. It has been said that there have been greater biological differences between people of the same race than if we were to compare the same trait to a different race. One philosopher writes: â€Å"There are few genetic characteristics to be found in the population of England that are not found in similar proportions in Zaire or in China†¦.those differences that most deeply affect us in our de alings with each other are not to any significant degree biologically determined.† Often what causes people to act racist is the fact that they have learned to conceal fear with racism. Many individuals react with fear towards those who look or appear different than them. Fear is what makes us uncomfortable, making us need to protect ourselves and defend, mostly causing pain and discomfort to the person or object of the fear. Instead of attempting to fix and deal with the differences, the wall between the two maintains; union and agreement are never attained. So how do we put an end to this? The sad fact of the matter is that, during this age, we won’t. People were born differently, and it’s only human to retaliate negatively to things or people we aren’t used to. Scientists believe there is the tendency in all animals to selectively preserve their own kind even at the cost of a different animal type, which is in essence what caused racism, not to mention prejudice in general. As humankind progresses, our way of thinking becomes more complex, as does the world around us. The values we once had aren’t forgotten, but replaced with new values as our old ways hide in the back of our minds. Though they are present and may re-emerge if a change in life conditions calls them up, they are no longer the dominant. This genuinely is the hope for mankind in their fight to end racism. In the future, if we can surmount the silliness of racism to the point where no one senses it, we will be in fine condition. The most effective way to begin this, through the words of Morgan Freeman, is to â€Å"Stop Talking About It.†